Faculty Directory

Currently, my primary research interst is STEM education at the graduate and undegraduate level. In the past I have focused on ceramic-filled composites for dental applications, biomaterials, ceramics for sensor systems and microwave processing of ceramics.

NSF REU/RET Site: Summer Research Experiences in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technology (ReSET)

This program was a collaboration between the Materials Science and Engineering Department and the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute. It provided a 10 week summer residential research opporunity for college students and a 6 week research opportunity for local high school teachers. The participants explored new energy technologies using lab-based and computational approaches. In total, 5 high school teachers and three ReSET cohorts of 8 undergraduates in chemistry, physics and engineering from community colleges, non-PhD and R1 institutions participated learning skills applicable in the energy technology workforce and research. The program led to 3 journal articles , two conference presentations, a PhD Dissertation and a B.S. Thesis for the participants. The high school teachers developed energy based materials related to their research projects for their classrooms used for multiple years. One teacher won ​​a 2025 American Chemical Society, ACS-CES Award for Incorporating Sustainability into Chemistry Education for ReSET based instruction.

A renewal program that includes the University of Maryland Radiation Facilities as well as the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute has been submitted to NSF.

Previous work: Ceramic-Filled Composites for Dental Applications

Dental restorations such as fillings and crowns are subject to mechanical fatigue and wear from high cycle point contact loading in the mouth. Our group has explored ceramic filled polymer composites for application as dental joining layers in laminar crowns. When a relatively thick (≥ 10 µm) compliant layer supports an all-ceramic crown, or the layers within a laminar ceramic crown, flexure and failure via radial crack initiation can occur. We have developed a new class of high elastic modulus adhesive composites based on dental resins filled with nano-alumina and micro-diamond fillers to address this problem. We are currently working on extending this work to composites for fillings. Elastic modulus is still a critical property because it is important in helping to transfer the load during chewing from the composite to the tooth. However, strength, toughness and aesthetics are also important. We are working to better understand the effects of surface interactions between fillers and resin and the microstructure of the composite on performance in oral environments to allow us to balance elastic modulus, strength, toughness and aesthetics.

 ENES 100, Introduction to Engineering Design, 3 credits; Students work as teams to design and build an autonomous rover to fulfill a mission using fundamental engineering concepts, CAD and a microprocessor.

 ENMA 300, Introduction to Materials Engineering, 3 credits; Structure of materials, chemical composition, phase transformations, corrosion and mechanical properties of metals, ceramics, polymers and related materials. Materials selection in engineering applications.

 ENMA 301, Modern Materials Engineering, 3 credits; Five topical areas will be presented, with four leading up to specific applications that have recently come to market or are currently experiencing heavy research and development. The fifth is sustainability and impact. Each module will introduce basic materials science principles to help you understand these areas.

Recent Presentations:

• Jin Y, Parker R, Smith J, Lloyd I, Johnson J, Koroma A. Envisioning Equitable Pathways to STEM Graduate Education: Creating a Coalition including University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Bowie State University, and University of Maryland College Park to Make It Happen. CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity); (2024) February; Crystal City, VA, USA.
• Lloyd, I., Stephens, C. 0., Martinez Miranda, L. Building on Success: REU/RET Site: Summer Research Experiences in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technology (ReSET). (2024) September, NSF EEC (Engineering Education and Centers) Grantees Conference, Arlington, VA,  USA
• Lloyd I, Karpakakunjaram V, Rawhouser M. Can interdisciplinary approaches increase student engagement and success in STEM classes? Report from NSF Site RET (Research Experiences for Teachers): Connecting with Community Colleges. (2015) October, Maryland Innovative Educational Partnerships (MIEP); Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
• Lloyd I. Teaching Additive Manufacturing from a Materials Science and Engineering Perspective.(2019_ April, 11th International Materials Education Symposium; Cambridge, United Kingdom.
• Lloyd IK. Mentoring Undergraduates and High School Students in the Lab. (2014) June, American Ceramic Society-NSF Ceramic Materials Principal Investigator Workshop, Falls Church, VA, USA.
• Lloyd, I., Reddy Mallu, R. Titania Nanorods for Posterior Dental Restoration Composites. (2024) October,  MS&T 24, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Publications:

• Yang, Y., Pei H., Chen G., Webb, K.T., Martinez-Miranda, L.J., Lloyd I.K., Lu Z., Liu, K., and Nie, Z., Phase behaviors of colloidal analogs of bent-core liquid crystals, Science Advances 4(5) eaas8829 (2018). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8829
• Saied, M. A., Lloyd, I. K., Haller, W. K., & Lawn, B. R. Joining dental ceramic layers with glass. Dental Materials 27 (10), 1011-1016 (2011).
• Saied, M.A., Wilson, O.C. Jr., Rekow, E.D., & Lloyd, I.K. Design of join glass composition for layered all-ceramic restorations. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94 (8) 2458-2463 (2011).
• Wang, Y.J. & Lloyd, I.K., Time-dependent nanoindentation behavior of high elastic modulus dental resin composites. Journal of Materials Research 25 (3), 529-536 (2010).
• Lee, J.J.W. et al., Veneer vs. core failure in adhesively bonded all-ceramic crown layers. Journal of Dental Research 87 (4), 363-366 (2008).
• Wang, Y.J. et al., High modulus nanopowder reinforced dimethacrylate matrix composites for dental cement applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 82A (3), 651-657 (2007).
• Lee, J.J.W., Wang, Y., Lloyd, I.K., & Lawn, B.R., Joining veneers to ceramic cores and dentition with adhesive interlayers. Journal of Dental Research 86 (8), 745-748 (2007).
• Lee, J.J.W., Lloyd, I.K., Chai, H., Jung, Y.G., & Lawn, B.R., Arrest, deflection, penetration and reinitiation of cracks in brittle layers across adhesive interlayers. Acta Materialia 55 (17), 5859-5866 (2007).
• Lee, J.J.W., Chai, H., Lloyd, I.K., & Lawn, B.R., Crack propagation across an adhesive interlayer in flexural loading. Scripta Materialia 57 (12), 1077-1080 (2007).
• Donahoe, D.N., Pecht, M., Lloyd, I.K., & Ganesan, S., Moisture induced degradation of multilayer ceramic capacitors. Microelectronics Reliability 46 (2-4), 400-408 (2006).
• Lawn, B.R. et al., Materials design in the performance of all-ceramic crowns. Biomaterials 25 (14), 2885-2892 (2004).
• Xu, G.F., Carmel, Y., Olorunyolemi, T., Lloyd, I.K., & Wilson, O.C., Microwave sintering and properties of AlN/TiB2 composites. Journal of Materials Research 18 (1), 66-76 (2003).
• Quinn, J.B., Sundar, V., & Lloyd, I.K., Influence of microstructure and chemistry on the fracture toughness of dental ceramics. Dental Materials 19 (7), 603-611 (2003).
• Quinn, J.B. et al., Strength and fractographic analysis of chalcogenide As-S-Se and Ge-As-Se-Te glass fibers. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 325 (1-3), 150-157 (2003).
• Flanders, L.A., Quinn, J.B., Wilson, O.C., & Lloyd, I.K., Scratch hardness and chipping of dental ceramics under different environments. Dental Materials 19 (8), 716-724 (2003).
• Xu, G.F., Olorunyolemi, T., Wilson, O.C., Lloyd, I.K., & Carmel, Y., Microwave sintering of high-density, high thermal conductivity AIN. Journal of Materials Research 17 (11), 2837-2845 (2002).
• Quinn, J.B., Yen, J., Katz, R.N., & Lloyd, I.K., Subjective ceramic machinability and material properties. Machining Science and Technology 6 (2), 291-299 (2002).
• Olorunyolemi, T. et al., Thermal conductivity of zinc oxide: From green to sintered state. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 85 (5), 1249-1253 (2002).
• Lawn, B.R. et al., Materials design of ceramic-based layer structures for crowns. Journal of Dental Research 81 (6), 433-438 (2002).
• Deng, Y., Lawn, B.R., & Lloyd, I.K., Characterization of damage modes in dental ceramic bilayer structures. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 63 (2), 137-145 (2002).
• Deng, Y., Lawn, B.R., & Lloyd, I.K., Damage characterization of dental materials in ceramic-based crown-like layer structures. High-Performance Ceramics 2001, Proceedings 224-2, 453-457 (2002).
• Xu, G.F., Lloyd, I.K., Carmel, Y., Olorunyolemi, T., & Wilson, O.C., Microwave sintering of ZnO at ultra high heating rates. Journal of Materials Research 16 (10), 2850-2858 (2001).
• Pert, E. et al., Temperature measurements during microwave processing: The significance of thermocouple effects. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (9), 1981-1986 (2001).
• Quinn, J.B. & Lloyd, I.K., Comparison of methods to determine the fracture toughness of three glass-ceramics at elevated temperatures. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (12), 3070-3076 (2000).
• Nguyen, V.Q., Sanghera, J.S., Lloyd, I.K., Aggarwal, I.D., & Gershon, D., Room temperature dielectric properties of the As40S((60-x))Se-x glass system. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 276 (1-3), 151-158 (2000).
• Nguyen, V.Q., Sanghera, J.S., Aggarwal, I.D., & Lloyd, I.K., Physical properties of chalcogenide and chalcohalide glasses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (4), 855-859 (2000).
• Nguyen, V.Q., Sanghera, J.S., Kung, F.H., Aggarwal, I.D., & Lloyd, I.K., Effect of temperature on the absorption loss of chalcogenide glass fibers. Applied Optics 38 (15), 3206-3213 (1999).
• Nguyen, V.Q., Sanghera, J.S., Freitas, J.A., Aggarwal, I.D., & Lloyd, I.K., Structural investigation of chalcogenide and chalcohalide glasses using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 248 (2-3), 103-114 (1999).
• Wilson, O.C., Quinn, J., Peng, T., Lloyd, I.K., & Thompson, V.P., Environmental effects on material removal and damage in dental ceramics. Journal of Dental Research 76, 3091-3091 (1997).
• Hill, M.D., White, G.S., Hwang, C.S., & Lloyd, I.K., Cyclic damage in lead zirconate titanate. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79 (7), 1915-1920 (1996).
• Xu, H.H.K., Braun, L.M., Ostertag, C.P., Krause, R.F., & Lloyd, I.K., Failure Modes of Sic-Fiber/Si3n4-Matrix Composites at Elevated-Temperatures. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 78 (2), 388-394 (1995).
• Brower, D.T. & Lloyd, I.K., Investigation of the Effect of Host Composition on the Photoluminescent Properties of Srxba1-Xs Doped with Eu and Sm. Journal of Materials Research 10 (1), 211-213 (1995).
• Benedetto, J.M., Roush, M.L., Lloyd, I.K., Ramesh, R., & Rychlik, B., The temperature dependence of ferroelectric imprint. Integrated Ferroelectrics 10 (1-4), 279-288 (1995).
• Xu, H.H.K., Ostertag, C.P., Braun, L.M., & Lloyd, I.K., Effects of Fiber Volume Fraction on Mechanical-Properties of Sic-Fiber Si3n4-Matrix Composites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 77 (7), 1897-1900 (1994).
• Xu, H.H.K., Ostertag, C.P., Braun, L.M., & Lloyd, I.K., Short-Crack Mechanical-Properties and Failure Mechanisms of Si3n4-Matrix Sic-Fiber Composites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 77 (7), 1889-1896 (1994).